Quick answer: The most useful identities are sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π 2 \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = 2 π (for ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 \lvert x\rvert \le 1 ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 ), tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = π 2 \tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = 2 π , and tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y \tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 − x y x + y when x y < 1 xy < 1 x y < 1 . Reciprocal relations such as csc − 1 x = sin − 1 1 x \csc^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\frac{1}{x} csc − 1 x = sin − 1 x 1 , and the double forms such as 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 2\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x for ∣ x ∣ < 1 \lvert x\rvert < 1 ∣ x ∣ < 1 , complete the toolkit.
These identities depend on the principal ranges, so revise domains, ranges and principal values first.
Complementary pairs
Identity Valid for sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π 2 \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = 2 π − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 -1 \le x \le 1 − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = π 2 \tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = 2 π all real x x x sec − 1 x + csc − 1 x = π 2 \sec^{-1}x + \csc^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} sec − 1 x + csc − 1 x = 2 π ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 \lvert x\rvert \ge 1 ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1
Why the first holds: if sin − 1 x = θ \sin^{-1}x = \theta sin − 1 x = θ , then x = sin θ = cos ( π 2 − θ ) x = \sin\theta = \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right) x = sin θ = cos ( 2 π − θ ) , and π 2 − θ \frac{\pi}{2} - \theta 2 π − θ lies in [ 0 , π ] [0, \pi] [ 0 , π ] , so cos − 1 x = π 2 − θ \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} - \theta cos − 1 x = 2 π − θ .
Reciprocal relations
Identity Valid for csc − 1 x = sin − 1 1 x \csc^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\frac{1}{x} csc − 1 x = sin − 1 x 1 ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 \lvert x\rvert \ge 1 ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 sec − 1 x = cos − 1 1 x \sec^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\frac{1}{x} sec − 1 x = cos − 1 x 1 ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 \lvert x\rvert \ge 1 ∣ x ∣ ≥ 1 cot − 1 x = tan − 1 1 x \cot^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x} cot − 1 x = tan − 1 x 1 x > 0 x > 0 x > 0 cot − 1 x = π + tan − 1 1 x \cot^{-1}x = \pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x} cot − 1 x = π + tan − 1 x 1 x < 0 x < 0 x < 0
The last row is a common trap: for negative x x x , tan − 1 1 x \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x} tan − 1 x 1 is negative, but cot − 1 x \cot^{-1}x cot − 1 x must lie in ( 0 , π ) (0, \pi) ( 0 , π ) .
Sum and difference of tan⁻¹
Condition tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y \tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y x y < 1 xy < 1 x y < 1 tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} tan − 1 1 − x y x + y x y > 1 xy > 1 x y > 1 , x , y > 0 x, y > 0 x , y > 0 π + tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y \pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} π + tan − 1 1 − x y x + y x y > 1 xy > 1 x y > 1 , x , y < 0 x, y < 0 x , y < 0 − π + tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y -\pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} − π + tan − 1 1 − x y x + y
And for the difference, tan − 1 x − tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x − y 1 + x y \tan^{-1}x - \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x - y}{1 + xy} tan − 1 x − tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 + x y x − y when x y > − 1 xy > -1 x y > − 1 .
For ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 \lvert x\rvert \le 1 ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 (or ∣ x ∣ < 1 \lvert x\rvert < 1 ∣ x ∣ < 1 for the tan form):
2 tan − 1 x = sin − 1 2 x 1 + x 2 = tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 2\tan^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 + x^2} = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = sin − 1 1 + x 2 2 x = tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x
For x ≥ 0 x \ge 0 x ≥ 0 :
2 tan − 1 x = cos − 1 1 − x 2 1 + x 2 2\tan^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = cos − 1 1 + x 2 1 − x 2
Also, for x ∈ [ − 1 2 , 1 2 ] x \in \left[-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right] x ∈ [ − 2 1 , 2 1 ] : 2 sin − 1 x = sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) 2\sin^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right) 2 sin − 1 x = sin − 1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) .
These come from substituting x = tan θ x = \tan\theta x = tan θ (or sin θ \sin\theta sin θ ) and using the double angle formulas .
Converting one inverse function into another
Draw a right triangle. For θ = sin − 1 x \theta = \sin^{-1}x θ = sin − 1 x with 0 < x < 1 0 < x < 1 0 < x < 1 : opposite = x = x = x , hypotenuse = 1 = 1 = 1 , adjacent = 1 − x 2 = \sqrt{1 - x^2} = 1 − x 2 . So
sin − 1 x = cos − 1 1 − x 2 = tan − 1 x 1 − x 2 ( 0 < x < 1 ) \sin^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\sqrt{1 - x^2} = \tan^{-1}\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} \quad (0 < x < 1) sin − 1 x = cos − 1 1 − x 2 = tan − 1 1 − x 2 x ( 0 < x < 1 )
Worked examples
Example 1: the classic π/4 sum
Show that tan − 1 1 2 + tan − 1 1 3 = π 4 \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{2} + \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{3} = \frac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 2 1 + tan − 1 3 1 = 4 π .
Here x y = 1 6 < 1 xy = \frac{1}{6} < 1 x y = 6 1 < 1 , so
tan − 1 1 2 + 1 3 1 − 1 6 = tan − 1 1 = π 4 \tan^{-1}\frac{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}}{1 - \frac{1}{6}} = \tan^{-1}1 = \frac{\pi}{4} tan − 1 1 − 6 1 2 1 + 3 1 = tan − 1 1 = 4 π
Example 2: when xy > 1
Find tan − 1 2 + tan − 1 3 \tan^{-1}2 + \tan^{-1}3 tan − 1 2 + tan − 1 3 .
Here x y = 6 > 1 xy = 6 > 1 x y = 6 > 1 with both positive, so
π + tan − 1 5 1 − 6 = π + tan − 1 ( − 1 ) = π − π 4 = 3 π 4 \pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{5}{1 - 6} = \pi + \tan^{-1}(-1) = \pi - \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{3\pi}{4} π + tan − 1 1 − 6 5 = π + tan − 1 ( − 1 ) = π − 4 π = 4 3 π
Check: both angles are between π 4 \frac{\pi}{4} 4 π and π 2 \frac{\pi}{2} 2 π , so their sum must exceed π 2 \frac{\pi}{2} 2 π ✓.
Example 3: solving an equation
Solve sin − 1 x − cos − 1 x = π 6 \sin^{-1}x - \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{6} sin − 1 x − cos − 1 x = 6 π .
Step 1: Add the identity sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π 2 \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = 2 π :
2 sin − 1 x = 2 π 3 ⇒ sin − 1 x = π 3 2\sin^{-1}x = \frac{2\pi}{3} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \sin^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{3} 2 sin − 1 x = 3 2 π ⇒ sin − 1 x = 3 π
Step 2: x = sin π 3 = 3 2 x = \sin\frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} x = sin 3 π = 2 3 .
Example 4: evaluating a composite
Find cos ( tan − 1 3 4 ) \cos\left(\tan^{-1}\frac{3}{4}\right) cos ( tan − 1 4 3 ) .
In a right triangle with opposite 3 and adjacent 4, the hypotenuse is 5, so the answer is 4 5 \frac{4}{5} 5 4 .
Summary table
Identity Condition sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π 2 \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = 2 π ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 \lvert x\rvert \le 1 ∣ x ∣ ≤ 1 tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = π 2 \tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} tan − 1 x + cot − 1 x = 2 π all real x x x tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y \tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 − x y x + y x y < 1 xy < 1 x y < 1 Add π (or −π) x y > 1 xy > 1 x y > 1 with both positive (both negative)2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 2\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x ∣ x ∣ < 1 \lvert x\rvert < 1 ∣ x ∣ < 1
Exam tips
Before using the tan⁻¹ addition formula, compute x y xy x y and choose the correct case.
Sanity-check sizes: each tan − 1 \tan^{-1} tan − 1 of a positive number lies between 0 and π 2 \frac{\pi}{2} 2 π .
Convert mixed expressions to one function using a right triangle.
Equations involving both sin⁻¹x and cos⁻¹x usually collapse using sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = π 2 \sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x = 2 π .
More practice: inverse trigonometric functions PYQs for NIMCET .
Common mistakes
Applying tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x + y 1 − x y \tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan − 1 1 − x y x + y when x y > 1 xy > 1 x y > 1 .
Writing cot − 1 x = tan − 1 1 x \cot^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x} cot − 1 x = tan − 1 x 1 for negative x x x .
Using the double forms outside their valid intervals, such as 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 2 x 1 − x 2 2\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1 1 − x 2 2 x for x > 1 x > 1 x > 1 .
Forgetting that the result of any inverse function must lie in its principal range.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is sin⁻¹x + cos⁻¹x?
It equals π/2 for every x in [−1, 1].
When xy < 1, tan⁻¹x + tan⁻¹y = tan⁻¹((x + y)/(1 − xy)). When xy > 1 and both are positive, add π.
What is tan⁻¹2 + tan⁻¹3?
It equals 3π/4, because xy = 6 > 1, so π must be added to tan⁻¹(−1).
What is 2tan⁻¹x in terms of sin⁻¹?
For |x| ≤ 1, 2tan⁻¹x = sin⁻¹(2x/(1 + x²)).
Is cot⁻¹x always equal to tan⁻¹(1/x)?
No. It is true only for x > 0. For x < 0, cot⁻¹x = π + tan⁻¹(1/x).