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Inverse Trigonometric Identities and Properties | NIMCET

Learn the key identities of inverse trigonometric functions: sin⁻¹x + cos⁻¹x = π/2, reciprocal relations, tan⁻¹x + tan⁻¹y, and double-angle forms, with NIMCET examples.

4 min read

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SHIVAM PRADHAN

Updated 25 October 2026

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Quick answer: The most useful identities are sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} (for ∣x∣≤1\lvert x\rvert \le 1), tan⁡−1x+cot⁡−1x=π2\tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}, and tan⁡−1x+tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} when xy<1xy < 1. Reciprocal relations such as csc⁡−1x=sin⁡−11x\csc^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\frac{1}{x}, and the double forms such as 2tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−12x1−x22\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} for ∣x∣<1\lvert x\rvert < 1, complete the toolkit.

These identities depend on the principal ranges, so revise domains, ranges and principal values first.

Complementary pairs

IdentityValid for
sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}−1≤x≤1-1 \le x \le 1
tan⁡−1x+cot⁡−1x=π2\tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}all real xx
sec⁡−1x+csc⁡−1x=π2\sec^{-1}x + \csc^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}∣x∣≥1\lvert x\rvert \ge 1

Why the first holds: if sin⁡−1x=θ\sin^{-1}x = \theta, then x=sin⁡θ=cos⁡(π2−θ)x = \sin\theta = \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right), and π2−θ\frac{\pi}{2} - \theta lies in [0,π][0, \pi], so cos⁡−1x=π2−θ\cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2} - \theta.

Reciprocal relations

IdentityValid for
csc⁡−1x=sin⁡−11x\csc^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\frac{1}{x}∣x∣≥1\lvert x\rvert \ge 1
sec⁡−1x=cos⁡−11x\sec^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\frac{1}{x}∣x∣≥1\lvert x\rvert \ge 1
cot⁡−1x=tan⁡−11x\cot^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x}x>0x > 0
cot⁡−1x=π+tan⁡−11x\cot^{-1}x = \pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x}x<0x < 0

The last row is a common trap: for negative xx, tan⁡−11x\tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x} is negative, but cot⁡−1x\cot^{-1}x must lie in (0,π)(0, \pi).

Sum and difference of tan⁻¹

Conditiontan⁡−1x+tan⁡−1y\tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y
xy<1xy < 1tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy}
xy>1xy > 1, x,y>0x, y > 0π+tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy}
xy>1xy > 1, x,y<0x, y < 0−π+tan⁡−1x+y1−xy-\pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy}

And for the difference, tan⁡−1x−tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x−y1+xy\tan^{-1}x - \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x - y}{1 + xy} when xy>−1xy > -1.

Double-angle forms

For ∣x∣≤1\lvert x\rvert \le 1 (or ∣x∣<1\lvert x\rvert < 1 for the tan form):

2tan⁡−1x=sin⁡−12x1+x2=tan⁡−12x1−x22\tan^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 + x^2} = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2}

For x≥0x \ge 0:

2tan⁡−1x=cos⁡−11−x21+x22\tan^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\frac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}

Also, for x∈[−12,12]x \in \left[-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right]: 2sin⁡−1x=sin⁡−1(2x1−x2)2\sin^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right).

These come from substituting x=tan⁡θx = \tan\theta (or sin⁡θ\sin\theta) and using the double angle formulas.

Converting one inverse function into another

Draw a right triangle. For θ=sin⁡−1x\theta = \sin^{-1}x with 0<x<10 < x < 1: opposite =x= x, hypotenuse =1= 1, adjacent =1−x2= \sqrt{1 - x^2}. So

sin⁡−1x=cos⁡−11−x2=tan⁡−1x1−x2(0<x<1)\sin^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\sqrt{1 - x^2} = \tan^{-1}\frac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} \quad (0 < x < 1)

Worked examples

Example 1: the classic π/4 sum

Show that tan⁡−112+tan⁡−113=π4\tan^{-1}\frac{1}{2} + \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{3} = \frac{\pi}{4}.

Here xy=16<1xy = \frac{1}{6} < 1, so

tan⁡−112+131−16=tan⁡−11=π4\tan^{-1}\frac{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3}}{1 - \frac{1}{6}} = \tan^{-1}1 = \frac{\pi}{4}

Example 2: when xy > 1

Find tan⁡−12+tan⁡−13\tan^{-1}2 + \tan^{-1}3.

Here xy=6>1xy = 6 > 1 with both positive, so

π+tan⁡−151−6=π+tan⁡−1(−1)=π−π4=3π4\pi + \tan^{-1}\frac{5}{1 - 6} = \pi + \tan^{-1}(-1) = \pi - \frac{\pi}{4} = \frac{3\pi}{4}

Check: both angles are between π4\frac{\pi}{4} and π2\frac{\pi}{2}, so their sum must exceed π2\frac{\pi}{2} ✓.

Example 3: solving an equation

Solve sin⁡−1x−cos⁡−1x=π6\sin^{-1}x - \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{6}.

Step 1: Add the identity sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}:

2sin⁡−1x=2π3⇒sin⁡−1x=π32\sin^{-1}x = \frac{2\pi}{3} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \sin^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{3}

Step 2: x=sin⁡π3=32x = \sin\frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}.

Example 4: evaluating a composite

Find cos⁡(tan⁡−134)\cos\left(\tan^{-1}\frac{3}{4}\right).

In a right triangle with opposite 3 and adjacent 4, the hypotenuse is 5, so the answer is 45\frac{4}{5}.

Summary table

IdentityCondition
sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}∣x∣≤1\lvert x\rvert \le 1
tan⁡−1x+cot⁡−1x=π2\tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}all real xx
tan⁡−1x+tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy}xy<1xy < 1
Add π (or −π)xy>1xy > 1 with both positive (both negative)
2tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−12x1−x22\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2}∣x∣<1\lvert x\rvert < 1

Exam tips

  • Before using the tan⁻¹ addition formula, compute xyxy and choose the correct case.
  • Sanity-check sizes: each tan⁡−1\tan^{-1} of a positive number lies between 0 and π2\frac{\pi}{2}.
  • Convert mixed expressions to one function using a right triangle.
  • Equations involving both sin⁻¹x and cos⁻¹x usually collapse using sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}.

More practice: inverse trigonometric functions PYQs for NIMCET.

Common mistakes

  • Applying tan⁡−1x+tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\frac{x + y}{1 - xy} when xy>1xy > 1.
  • Writing cot⁡−1x=tan⁡−11x\cot^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{1}{x} for negative xx.
  • Using the double forms outside their valid intervals, such as 2tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−12x1−x22\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\frac{2x}{1 - x^2} for x>1x > 1.
  • Forgetting that the result of any inverse function must lie in its principal range.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is sin⁻¹x + cos⁻¹x?

It equals π/2 for every x in [−1, 1].

What is the formula for tan⁻¹x + tan⁻¹y?

When xy < 1, tan⁻¹x + tan⁻¹y = tan⁻¹((x + y)/(1 − xy)). When xy > 1 and both are positive, add π.

What is tan⁻¹2 + tan⁻¹3?

It equals 3π/4, because xy = 6 > 1, so π must be added to tan⁻¹(−1).

What is 2tan⁻¹x in terms of sin⁻¹?

For |x| ≤ 1, 2tan⁻¹x = sin⁻¹(2x/(1 + x²)).

Is cot⁻¹x always equal to tan⁻¹(1/x)?

No. It is true only for x > 0. For x < 0, cot⁻¹x = π + tan⁻¹(1/x).

Concept Check

MEDIUM

If f:R→Rf: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} is a continuous function satisfying f(f(x))=xf(f(x)) = x for all x∈Rx \in \mathbb{R}, what are the only possible forms of f(x)f(x)?

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